Complicaciones oculares como forma de presentación de la toxocariasis

La toxocariasis es una zoonosis prevalente con un importante impacto socioeconómico, particularmente en las comunidades pobres de todo el mundo. Es causada por formas larvarias de especies de nematodos, parásitos del género Toxocara. El espectro de manifestaciones clínicas en la toxocariasis varía ampliamente, desde casos asintomáticos a infecciones generalizadas. En el caso de la toxocariasis ocular, el deterioro de la agudeza visual es la manifestación más común cuando los síntomas están presentes. Las presentaciones oculares incluyen endoftalmitis crónica, granuloma de polo posterior o granuloma periférico. Presentamos el caso de una paciente de 12 años, con toxocariasis ocular en forma de granuloma de polo posterior con bandas traccionales a vítreo, acompañada de una lesión hiperpigmentada en el área macular en fase cicatrizal. El propósito de esta publicación es describir las múltiples complicaciones oculares que pueden concomitar en el paciente con toxocariasis ocular, que finalmente conllevan a una pérdida visual irreversible.

Toxocariasis is a prevalent zoonosis with a significant socioeconomic impact, particularly in poor communities around the world. It is caused by larval forms of nematode species, parasites of the Toxocara genus. The spectrum of clinical manifestations in toxocariasis varies widely from asymptomatic cases to systemic infections. In the case of ocular toxocariasis, impaired visual acuity is the most common manifestation when symptoms are present. Ocular presentations include chronic endophthalmitis, posterior pole granuloma, or a peripheral granuloma. We present the case of a 12-year-old patient with ocular toxocariasis in the form of a posterior pole granuloma with vitreous tractional bands, which is accompanied by a hyperpigmented lesion in the macular area in the healing phase. The purpose of our publication is to highlight the multiple ocular complications that can occur in patients with ocular toxocariasis, which ultimately lead to irreversible visual loss.

Diagnóstico de parasitosis gastrointestinal en ganado vacuno de razas carniceras con diferentes técnicas coproparasitológicas / Diagnosis of gastrointestinal parasitosis in beef cattle of butcher breeds with different coproparasitological techniques

RESUMEN Las parasitosis gastrointestinales en bovinos de producción son uno de los problemas sanitarios más importantes a nivel mundial. Estos nematodos ocasionan problemas gastroentéricos que se caracterizan clínicamente por diarrea, debilidad, hemorragias y deshidratación. Entre las parasitosis gastrointestinales causadas por nematodos en ganado bovino, se destacan las familias: Trichuridae, Trichostrongylidae, Ancylostomidae, Ascaridae y Strongyloididae. El propósito de esta investigación fue determinar la eficacia de las distintas técnicas coproparasitológicas cualitativas y cuantitativas para la detección de nematodos gastrointestinales en ganado bovino. Para este estudio se utilizaron 250 muestras de vacas de raza carnicera, divididos en diferentes grupos, para la aplicación de las técnicas coproparasitológicas de tipo cualitativo y cuantitativo, los cuales fueron escogidos específicamente teniendo en cuenta criterios de inclusión y exclusión para cada animal. Los resultados entregados por este estudio indicaron que el mayor porcentaje en la identificación de estados infectantes parasitarios fue por medio de las técnicas coproparasitologicas de tipo cualitativo, principalmente aquellas de flotación de sulfato de zinc y magnesio con un 50%.

ABSTRACT Gastrointestinal parasites in production cattle are one of the most important health problems worldwide. These nematodes cause gastroenteric problems that are clinically characterized by diarrhoea, weakness, bleeding and dehydration. Within the gastrointestinal parasites caused by nematodes in cattle, the following families stand out: Trichuridae, Trichostrongylidae, Ancylostomidae, Ascaridae and Strongyloididae. The purpose of this research was to determine the efficacy of the different qualitative and quantitative coproparasitological techniques for the detection of gastrointestinal nematodes in cattle. For this study, 250 samples of beef breed cows were used, divided into different groups, for the application of qualitative and quantitative coproparasitological techniques, which were specifically chosen taking into account inclusion and exclusion criteria for each animal. The results delivered by this study indicated that the highest percentage in the identification of parasitic infective states was through qualitative coproparasitological techniques, focused mainly on zinc and magnesium sulfate flotation techniques with 50%.

Anthelmintic efficacy of oxibendazole against gastrointestinal nematodes in swine / Eficácia anti-helmíntica do oxibendazol contra nematódeos gastrointestinais de suínos

Abstract In swine production, parasites, especially gastrointestinal helminths, generate considerable economic losses. Therefore, effective control measures, such as the use of the correct anthelmintics, are of paramount importance for maintaining profitability. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of the anthelmintic oxibendazole, administered orally, in pigs (non-industrial) naturally infected with gastrointestinal nematodes. To that end, we selected 18 pigs naturally parasitized by gastrointestinal nematodes, as determined by examination of fecal samples (eggs per gram (EPG > 500) of feces), and divided them into two groups: treated (with a 10-day course of oxibendazole) and control (untreated). After the treatment period, the animals were euthanized. During necropsy, the helminths in the gastrointestinal tract were identified and quantified. The species identified were, in order of occurrence, Ascaris suum, Trichuris suis, Oesophagostomum dentatum, and Hyostrongylus rubidus. In Brazilian swine herds, traditional (non-industrial) production systems can favor the transmission of helminths. We found that treatment with oxibendazole was 100% effective against A. suum and H. rubidus, whereas it was 99.65% effective against O. dentatum and 99.20% effective against T. suis, significantly reducing helminth counts (P < 0.01 for all). We conclude that oxibendazole is effective in controlling the main helminths in swine.

Resumo A presença de parasitoses na suinocultura gera prejuízos econômicos relevantes. Dentre elas, destacam-se as helmintoses gastrintestinais. Sendo assim, medidas de controle efetivas, tais como o uso de anti-helmínticos corretos, são importantes para a lucratividade na criação de suínos. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a eficácia do oxibendazol, administrado pela via oral, em suínos (não industrial) naturalmente infectados por nematódeos gastrintestinais, na região de Franca/SP. Para isso, foram selecionados, por meio de exames coproparasitológicos (ovos por grama (OPG > 500) de fezes), 18 suínos naturalmente parasitados por nematódeos gastrintestinais, que foram divididos em dois grupos experimentais: grupo tratado (oxibendazol) e grupo controle. Após o tratamento, os animais foram submetidos à necropsia parasitológica, e os resultados das quantificações de helmintos presentes no trato gastrintestinais indicaram a presença das espécies Ascaris suum, Trichuris suis, Oesophagostomum dentatum e Hyostrongylus rubidus em ordem decrescente de ocorrência. Nos rebanhos suínos brasileiros, os sistemas de produção não tecnificadas podem favorecer a transmissão de helmintos. O tratamento com o oxibendazol obteve eficácia de 100% para as espécies A. suum e H. rubidus, de 99,65% para o O. dentatum e de 99,20% para o T. suis, reduzindo significativamente (P < 0,01) as contagens de helmintos, comprovando que o uso do oxibendazol é eficaz no controle dos principais helmintos de suínos.

Microbial inoculants and garbage fermentation liquid reduced root-knot nematode disease and As uptake in Panax quinquefolium cultivation by modulating rhizosphere microbiota community / 中草药·英文版

Objective: To find a suitable ecological cultivation measure to solve the problem of root-knot nematode disease of Panax quinquefolium (Panacis Quinquefolii Radix) and the heavy metals accumulating in its roots. Methods: Three-year-old P. quinquefolium was treated with four different combinations of microbial inoculant (MI) and garbage fermentation liquid (GFL) [the joint application of ‘TuXiu’ MI and Fifty potassium MI (TF), the combination use of ‘No. 1′ MI and Fifty potassium MI (NF), ‘Gulefeng’ poly-γ-glutamic acid MI (PGA), GFL], and the untreated control (CK). Here, high-throughput sequencing, ICP-MS and UPLC were employed to systematically characterize changes of microbial diversity and structure composition, heavy metals (As, Cd and Pb) content and ginsenoside content among different treatments. Results: The results revealed that different MIs and GFL could increase the root dry weight of P. quinquefolium, PGA enhanced it by 83.24%, followed by GFL (49.93%), meanwhile, PGA and GFL were able to lessen root-knot nematode disease incidence by 57.25% and 64.35%. The treatment of PGA and GFL can also effectively reduce heavy metals in roots. The As content in GFL and PGA was decreased by 52.17% and 43.48% respectively, while the Cd and Pb contents of GFL and PGA was decreased somewhat. Additionally, the content of total ginsenosides was increased by 42.14% and 42.07%, in response to TF and NF, respectively. Our metagenomic analysis showed that the relative abundance of particular soil microbial community members related to the biocontrol of root-knot nematode disease and plant pathogen (i.e., Chaetomium in NF, Xylari in GFL, and Microascus in PGA), heavy metal bioremediation (Hyphomacrobium in PGA and Xylaria in GFL), and nitrogen fixation (Nordella and Nitrospira in TF) was significantly increased; notably, potential harmful microflora, such as Plectosaphaerella and Rhizobacter, were more abundant in the control group. Conclusion: MI and GFL could improve the quality of P. quinquefolium by modifying its rhizosphere microbial community structure and composition, both of them are beneficial to the development of ecological cultivation of P. quinquefolium.

Impact of treated sewage on meiobenthic nematodes: a case study from the Tunisian Refining Industries Company / Impacto de esgoto tratado em nematoides meiobentônicos: um estudo de caso da Tunisian Refining Industries Company

The organization of the roots, ganglia and the peripheral distribution of the cranial nerves of the fully formed embryos of Oreochromis niloticus are examined in the transverse serial sections. These nerves carry fibers, which were also analyzed. The results of this study demonstrated that the glossopharyngeal nerve originates by means of only one root, which leaves the cranium through the glossopharyngeal foramen. This nerve gives fibers (visceromotor) to the first internal and external levator arcus branchialis muscles. There is a single epibranchial (petrosal) ganglion located extracranially. Nervus glossopharyngeus has three rami; pharyngeus, pretramticus and posttrematicus. The ramus pharyngeus carries only viscerosensory fibers; general for the pharyngeal epithelium and special ones for the pseudobranch. General viscerosensory fibers are also carried by rami pretrematicus and posttrematicus for the pharyngeal epithelial lining. The special sensory fibers are carried by the ramus pretrematicus for the taste buds and by ramus posttrematicus for the gill filaments. The ramus pretrematicus also carries visceromotor fibers for the first adductor arcus branchialis and to the first obliquus ventralis muscles.

A organização das raízes, gânglios e a distribuição periférica dos nervos cranianos dos embriões totalmente formados de Oreochromis niloticus são examinados nas seções transversais seriais. Esses nervos carregam fibras, que também foram analisadas. Os resultados deste estudo demonstraram que o nervo glossofaríngeo se origina por meio de apenas uma raiz, que sai do crânio pelo forame glossofaríngeo. Este nervo fornece fibras (visceromotoras) para os primeiros músculos levantadores do arco branquial interno e externo. Existe um único gânglio epibranquial (petroso) localizado extracranialmente. Nervus glossopharyngeus tem três ramos; faríngeo, pretramticus e póstrematicus. O ramo faríngeo contém apenas fibras viscerossensoriais ­ gerais para o epitélio faríngeo e especiais para o pseudobrânquio. Fibras viscerossensoriais gerais também são transportadas por ramos pretrematicus e posttrematicus para o revestimento epitelial da faringe. As fibras sensoriais especiais são transportadas pelo ramus pretrematicus para as papilas gustativas e pelo ramus posttrematicus para os filamentos branquiais. O ramo pretrematicus também carrega fibras visceromotoras para o primeiro adutor arcus branchialis e para o primeiro músculo oblíquo ventral.

Dinámica de contaminación de pasturas con huevos de nematodos gastrointestinales de bovinos en el Valle de Lerma, Salta / Dynamics of pasture contamination with bovine gastrointestinal nematode eggs in the Lerma Valley, Argentina

Resumen El Valle de Lerma (VDL) es una región ubicada en la parte central de la provincia de Salta, República Argentina, la cual da origen a la mayor parte de la producción láctea provincial. La nematodiasis gastrointestinal es uno de los problemas sanitarios de mayor impacto económico en los sistemas productivos de base pastoril. El objetivo de este trabajo fue caracterizar la variación estacional de la eliminación de huevos y géneros de nematodos al medio ambiente. Mensualmente se tomaron muestras de materia fecal en bovinos de recría para conteo de huevos por gramo (HPG) y coprocultivo para determinación de géneros en tres establecimientos ganaderos de la región. En todos ellos se observaron dos picos en los valores medios de HPG, que ocurrieron entre principios de verano y fines de otoño. Los géneros/especies más prevalentes fueron Cooperia pectinata, Haemonchus spp. y Cooperia punctata, seguidos por Oesophagostomum spp., Trichostrongylus spp. y Ostertagia spp. Estos resultados aportan nueva evidencia al conocimiento de la epidemiología de los nematodos gastrointestinales de los bovinos en la región del VDL.

Abstract The Lerma Valley (LV) is a region located in the central part of the province of Salta, Argentine Republic. The largest dairy production in the province originates in this region. Gastrointestinal nematodiasis is one of the health problems with the greatest economic impact in pastoral-based production systems. The objective of the present work was to characterize the seasonal variation of the elimination of eggs and genera of nematodes to the environment. Fecal matter samples were taken from rearing cattle to count eggs per gram (Epg) and culture for gender determination monthly in three farms in the region. In these, it was possible to observe that the Epg values ​​showed two peaks, which occurred between the beginning of summer and the end of autumn. Regarding the genera/species, the most prevalent were Cooperia pectinata, Haemonchus sp. and Cooperia punctata, followed by Oesophagostomum spp., Trichostrongylus spp. and Ostertagia spp. These results contribute with new evidence to the knowledge of the epidemiology of gastrointestinal nematodes of cattle in the LV region.

Impact of treated sewage on meiobenthic nematodes: a case study from the Tunisian Refining Industries Company / Impacto de esgoto tratado em nematoides meiobentônicos: um estudo de caso da Tunisian Refining Industries Company

The main objective of the current study was to assess the impact of the water taken from the 'Tunisian Refining Industries Company' on meiobenthic nematodes, before and after a series of treatments in decantation basins followed by its discharge in Bizerte bay, Tunisia. The comparison of environmental parameters of the two types of water was clearly indicative of an improvement in the quality of treated waters after a significant reduction in their loads in hydrocarbons. Overall, the water retained a good quality after being treated by 'Tunisian Refining Industries Company' before discharge in the sea. At the end of the experiment, differential responses were observed according to the richness of sediment in organic matter and hydrocarbons. Thus, it was apparent that the nematode assemblage exposed to the treated waters was closer to controls and associated to higher values of abundance, than that under untreated ones. It was also assumed that the species Microlaimus honestus De Man, 1922, Paramonohystera proteus Wieser, 1956 and Cyartonema germanicum Juario, 1972 are sensitive bioindicators of bad environmental statues and of hydrocarbon presence in the environment. On the other hand, Metoncholaimus pristiurus (Zur Strassen, 1894) Filipjev, 1918 would rather be classified as a positive bioindicative species of this type of pollutants.

O principal objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o impacto da água retirada da "Tunisian Refining Industries Company" sobre os nematoides meiobentônicos, antes e depois de uma série de tratamentos em bacias de decantação seguidos de seu descarte na baía de Bizerte, Tunísia. A comparação dos parâmetros ambientais dos dois tipos de água foi claramente indicativa de uma melhoria na qualidade das águas tratadas após uma redução significativa das suas cargas em hidrocarbonetos. No geral, a água reteve uma boa qualidade após ser tratada pela "Tunisian Refining Industries Company" antes da descarga no mar. Ao final do experimento, foram observadas respostas diferenciais de acordo com a riqueza de sedimentos em matéria orgânica e hidrocarbonetos. Assim, ficou claro que a assembleia de nematoides exposta às águas tratadas estava mais próxima dos controles e associada a maiores valores de abundância do que nas não tratadas. Também foi assumido que as espécies Microlaimus honestus De Man, 1922, Paramonohystera proteus Wieser, 1956 e Cyartonema germanicum Juario, 1972 são bioindicadores sensíveis de más estátuas ambientais e da presença de hidrocarbonetos no meio ambiente. Por outro lado, Metoncholaimus pristiurus (Zur Strassen, 1894) Filipjev, 1918 preferiria ser classificado como uma espécie bioindicativa positiva deste tipo de poluentes.

Impact of treated sewage on meiobenthic nematodes: a case study from the Tunisian Refining Industries Company

Abstract The main objective of the current study was to assess the impact of the water taken from the Tunisian Refining Industries Company on meiobenthic nematodes, before and after a series of treatments in decantation basins followed by its discharge in Bizerte bay, Tunisia. The comparison of environmental parameters of the two types of water was clearly indicative of an improvement in the quality of treated waters after a significant reduction in their loads in hydrocarbons. Overall, the water retained a good quality after being treated by Tunisian Refining Industries Company before discharge in the sea. At the end of the experiment, differential responses were observed according to the richness of sediment in organic matter and hydrocarbons. Thus, it was apparent that the nematode assemblage exposed to the treated waters was closer to controls and associated to higher values of abundance, than that under untreated ones. It was also assumed that the species Microlaimus honestus De Man, 1922, Paramonohystera proteus Wieser, 1956 and Cyartonema germanicum Juario, 1972 are sensitive bioindicators of bad environmental statues and of hydrocarbon presence in the environment. On the other hand, Metoncholaimus pristiurus (Zur Strassen, 1894) Filipjev, 1918 would rather be classified as a positive bioindicative species of this type of pollutants.

Resumo O principal objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o impacto da água retirada da Tunisian Refining Industries Company sobre os nematoides meiobentônicos, antes e depois de uma série de tratamentos em bacias de decantação seguidos de seu descarte na baía de Bizerte, Tunísia. A comparação dos parâmetros ambientais dos dois tipos de água foi claramente indicativa de uma melhoria na qualidade das águas tratadas após uma redução significativa das suas cargas em hidrocarbonetos. No geral, a água reteve uma boa qualidade após ser tratada pela Tunisian Refining Industries Company antes da descarga no mar. Ao final do experimento, foram observadas respostas diferenciais de acordo com a riqueza de sedimentos em matéria orgânica e hidrocarbonetos. Assim, ficou claro que a assembleia de nematoides exposta às águas tratadas estava mais próxima dos controles e associada a maiores valores de abundância do que nas não tratadas. Também foi assumido que as espécies Microlaimus honestus De Man, 1922, Paramonohystera proteus Wieser, 1956 e Cyartonema germanicum Juario, 1972 são bioindicadores sensíveis de más estátuas ambientais e da presença de hidrocarbonetos no meio ambiente. Por outro lado, Metoncholaimus pristiurus (Zur Strassen, 1894) Filipjev, 1918 preferiria ser classificado como uma espécie bioindicativa positiva deste tipo de poluentes.

A conventional multiplex PCR for the detection of four common soil-transmitted nematodes in human feces: development and validation

@#Soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections, mainly caused by Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, and hookworms, are among the most common intestinal parasites that infect humans. The infections are widely distributed throughout tropical and subtropical countries, including Malaysia, particularly in underprivileged communities. Microscopic and culture techniques have been used as a gold standard for diagnostic techniques. However, these methods yield low sensitivity and specificity, laborious and time-consuming. Therefore, simple, rapid, and accurate alternative methods are needed for the simultaneous detection of STH infections. Although advanced technologies such as real-time multiplex PCR have been established, the use of this technique as a routine diagnostic is limited due to the high cost of the instrument. Therefore, a single-round multiplex conventional PCR assay for rapid detection of four STH species in the fecal sample was developed in this study. To perform the single-round multiplex PCR, each pair of species-specific primers was selected from target genes, including Ancylostoma duodenale (Internal Transcribed Spacer 2; accession No. AJ001594; 156 base pair), Necator americanus (ITS 2; accession No. AJ001599; 225 base pair), Ascaris lumbricoides (Internal Transcribed Spacer 1; accession No. AJ000895; 334 base pair) and Trichuris triciura (partial ITS 1, 5.8s rRNA and partial ITS 2; accession No. AM992981; 518 base pair). The results showed that the newly designed primers could detect the DNA of STH at low concentrations (0.001 ng/μl) with no cross-amplification with other species. This assay enables the differentiation of single infections as well as mixed infections. It could be used as an alternative and is a convenient method for the detection of STHs, especially for the differentiation of N. americanus and A. duodenale.

Dirofilaria immitis en caninos del medio Sinú: un posible riesgo para la salud pública / Dirofilaria immitis in canines of middle Sinú: a potential risk for public health

Resumen Introducción: Dirofilaria immitis es un parásito de distribución mundial, en caninos produce la dirofilariosis cardiopulmonar progresiva, afección localizada en las arterias pulmonares y el ventrículo derecho, que induce a daño endotelial y neumonitis. El parásito es trasmitido por la picadura de mosquitos a caninos y a otras especies, inclusive a humanos que habitan zonas endémicas, constituyéndose en una zoonosis. En Colombia D. immitis ha sido reportada en diferentes regiones de Colombia. Objetivo: Determinar anticuerpos contra D. immitis en caninos de Cereté, Ciénaga de Oro y San Carlos, municipios del Medio Sinú (Córdoba). Materiales y métodos: Mediante un estudio descriptivo de corte trasversal y un muestreo estratificado, se tomaron 105 muestras de sangre en caninos de las áreas urbanas de estos municipios; la determinación de antígenos de D. immitis, se realizó mediante un inmunoensayo enzimático. Se usó estadística descriptiva y se empleó Chi-cuadrado para determinar si hubo diferencias significativas con respecto a la seropositividad y las variables evaluadas (edad, raza y procedencia). Resultados: La seroprevalencia fue del 5.7% y los anticuerpos se detectaron en todos los municipios evaluados. No se encontraron diferencias estadísticas entre seropositividad por municipio, edad, raza, sexo. Conclusiones: El hábitat de los humanos en los municipios del medio Sinú, junto con la detección de anticuerpos circulantes en caninos de D. immitis, las condiciones agroecológicas de esta región, la presencia de mosquitos y hospederos, puede hacer que los humanos sean expuestos a la transmisión de patógenos y ser un riesgo para la salud pública; por lo cual se hace necesario implementar medidas de prevención y control de vectores.

Abstract Introduction: Dirofilaria immitis, is a worldwide distribution parasite that causes progressive cardiopulmonary disease in dogs, it is located in the pulmonary arteries and right ventricle and produces endothelial injury and pneumonia. It is transmitted by mosquito bites to canines, but it may be found in a variety of mammals, including humans living in endemic areas, which turns it into a zoonosis. The infection has been reported in different Colombian regions. Objective: To determine antibodies against D. immitis in dogs of Cereté, Ciénaga de Oro, and San Carlos, municipalities of middle Sinú (Córdoba). Materials and methods: Blood samples of 105 crossbreed dogs were collected from the urban areas of these municipalities in order to conduct a descriptive cross-sectional study and stratified sampling. Antibody to Dirofilaria immitis was measured through the implementation of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Descriptive analysis and Chi-square were used to determine whether there were significant differences with respect to D. immitis seropositivity and the parameters investigated (age, race and geographic region of origin). Results: The seroprevalence to D. immitis was 5.7%, and the antibodies were detected in the municipalities evaluated. No statistically significant differences were observed between the seropositivity of different age groups, races, sexes, and municipalities. Conclusions: The presence of circulating antibodies of Vectors and hosts involved in the transmission may represent a potential public health risk in which humans can act as aberrant hosts.

Eficacia de la combinación de Abamectina-Derquantel y de la Moxidectina en cabras lecheras naturalmente parasitadas con nematodos gastrointestinales en el Valle de Lerma, Argentina / Efficacy of combining Abamectin-Derquantel and Moxidectin in dairy goats naturally infected by gastrointstinal nematodes in Valle de Lerma, Argentina

Resumen El impacto productivo de los nematodos gastrointestinales (NGI) sobre los de pequeños rumiantes es conocido a nivel mundial. Las infestaciones por NGI constituyen una limitante de alto impacto en la producción de rumiantes y las perdidas comprendidas por este problema sanitario varían desde reducciones subclínicas en la ganancia de peso hasta la muerte de animales con altas cargas parasitarias. El objetivo de este trabajo es presentar los resultados de un test de eficacia a campo utilizando una combinación comercial de Abamectina + Derquantel y del Moxidectin en cabras lecheras naturalmente infestadas con NGI en el Valle de Lerma, provincia de Salta. El ensayo se llevó a cabo en la Unidad Tambo Caprino de la Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Salta del INTA. Para la evaluación de eficacia de la droga en estudio, se realizó el test de reducción de conteos de huevos. En los coprocultivos pre-tratamientos se pudo observar una gran prevalencia de Trichostrongylus spp. (71%). seguido de Teladorsagia spp. (21%) y Haemonchus spp. (8%). En cuanto a los resultados del TRCH, en el GDQ se observaron valores del 100% de PRCH, mientras que en el GMX se observó un PRCH de 95,5 %, donde la eficacia para Haemonchus spp. y Teladorsagiaspp. fue del 100% y para Trichostrongylus spp. del 81,1%.Los resultados observados en este trabajo permiten concluir que en las condiciones de campo en donde fue llevado a cabo el TRCH, la combinación Derquantel-Abamectina posee una alta eficacia contra los géneros presentes.

Abstract The productive impact of gastrointestinal nematodes (NGI) of small ruminants are known worldwide. Infestations by NGI constitute a limiting factor in the production of ruminant and the losses included by this sanitary problem vary from subclinical reductions in weight gain to the death of animals with high parasite loads. The objective of this work is to present the results of an efficacy trial using a commercial combination of Abamectin + Derquantel and Moxidectin in dairy goats naturally infested with NGI in the Lerma Valley, Salta province. The test was carried out in the Dairy Goat Unit of the Salta Agricultural Experiment Station of INTA. In the pretreatment stool cultures, a high prevalence of Trichostrongylusspp. (71%). followed by Teladorsagiaspp. (21%) and Haemonchus spp. (8%) was observed. Regarding the results of the TRCH, in the GDQ values ​​of 100% of PRCH were observed, while in the GMX a PRCH of 95.5% is shown, where the efficacy for Haemonchus spp. and Teladorsagia spp. was 100% and for Trichostrongylus spp. 81.1%. The results observed in this work allow us to conclude that under the field conditions where TRCH was carried out, the Derquantel-Abamectin combination has high efficacy against the genera present.

Antihelminthic action of the Anethum graveolens essential oil on Haemonchus contortus eggs and larvae / Ação anti-helmítica do óleo essencial de Anethum graveolens sobre ovos e larvas de Haemonchus contortus

Abstract Gastrointestinal nematodes are responsible for great economic losses in sheep raising, and their control has long been carried out almost exclusively by the administration of anthelmintics, which have led to serious resistance problems. In the search for alternative control measures, phytotherapic research is highlighted. The aim of this study was to evaluate the action of Anethum graveolens (dill) essential oil on different stages of Haemonchus contortus life cycle, as well its cytotoxicity MDBK (Madin-Darby bovine kidney) cells. H. contortus larvae and eggs were obtained from infected sheep feces, and essential oil extracted from plant seeds through the Clevenger apparatus. 9.4, 4.7, 2.35, 1.17. 0.58 and 0.29 mg/mL concentrations were evaluated. The Egg Hatch Inhibition (HI), Larval Development Inhibition (LDI) and Larval Migration Inhibition (LMI) techniques were used. Thybendazole 0.025 mg/mL in HI and Levamisole 0.02 mg/mL in the LDI and LMI tests were used as positive controls, while distilled water and a Tween 80 solution were used as positive negative controls. The inhibition results obtained for the highest oil concentration were: HI 100%, LDI 98.58% and LMI 63.7%, differing (�� <0.05) from negative controls. Main A. graveolens oil components present in 95.93% of the total oil were Dihydrocarvone (39.1%), Carvone (22.24%), D-Limonene (16.84%), Apiol (10.49%) and Trans-dihydrocarvone (7.26%). Minimum A. graveolens essential oil concentrations required to inhibit 50% (IC50) of egg hatching, larval development and larval migration were 0.006 mg/mL, 2.536 mg/mL and 3.963 mg/mL, respectively. Cell viability in MDBK (Madin-Darby bovine kidney) cells, when incubated with A. graveolens essential oil, was 86% for the highest (9.4 mg/mL) and 99% for the lowest concentration (0.29 mg/mL). A. graveolens essential oil, according to the results obtained in this study, is a promising alternative in sheep gastrointestinal nematode control.

Resumo Os nematoides gastrintestinais são responsáveis ​​por grandes perdas econômicas na ovinocultura, e seu controle tem sido realizado quase exclusivamente pela administração de anti-helmínticos, que levaram a sérios problemas de resistência. Na busca de medidas alternativas de controle, destaca-se a pesquisa fitoterápica. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a ação do óleo essencial de Anethum graveolens (endro) em diferentes estágios de Haemonchus contortus, bem como testar a viabilidade celular para o óleo. Larvas e ovos de H. contortus foram obtidos de fezes de ovinos infectados e óleo essencial extraído de sementes de plantas através do aparelho de Clevenger. As concentrações avaliadas foram 9,4, 4,7, 2,35, 1,17, 0,58 e 0,29 mg/mL. Verificou-se a Inibição de eclosão dos ovos (IE), Inibição de Desenvolvimento Larval (IDL) e Inibição de Migração Larval (IML). Tiabendazol 0,025 mg/mL em IE e Levamisole 0.02 mg/mL nos testes IDL e IML foram usados ​​como controles positivos, enquanto água destilada e uma solução Tween 80 foram usados como controles negativos. Os resultados de inibição obtidos para a maior concentração de óleo foram: IE 100%, IDL 98,58% e IML 63,7%, diferindo (�� <0,05) dos controles negativos. Os principais componentes presentes em 95,93% do óleo total de A. graveolens foram Di-hidrocarvona (39,1%), Carvona (22,24%), D-Limoneno (16,84%), Apiol (10,49%) e Trans-di-hidrocarvona (7,26%). As concentrações mínimas de óleo essencial de A. graveolens necessárias para inibir 50% (IC50) de eclosão dos ovos, desenvolvimento larval e migração larval foram de 0,006 mg/mL, 2,536 mg/mL e 3,963 mg/mL, respectivamente. A viabilidade celular nas células MDBK (rim bovino Madin-Darby), quando incubadas com o óleo essencial de A. graveolens, foi de 86% para a maior (9,4 mg/mL) e 99% para a menor concentração (0,29 mg/mL). O óleo essencial de A. graveolens mostrou ser uma alternativa promissora no controle de nematoides gastrintestinais de ovinos.

Globocephalus urosubulatus (Alessandrini, 1909) (Nematoda: Ancylostomatidae) in Brazil: a morphological revisitation / Globocephalus urosubulatus (Alessandrini, 1909) (Nematoda: Ancylostomatidae) no Brasil: uma revisitação morfológica

Abstract Helminthiasis occurs frequently in wild or domestic pigs in the most varied environments or production systems; however, the literature includes few taxonomic studies for the purpose of expanding this knowledge about the parasitic diversity in these animals. Thus, in order to expand this knowledge regarding parasitic diversity in these animals, the present study reports the occurrence and redescribes Globocephalus urosubulatus infecting domestic pigs in the state of Pará, Brazil, using microscopy. Four hundred and ten specimens of Sus scrofa intestinal nematodes were collected extensively in the municipality of Moju, northeastern mesoregion of Pará and observed under light and scanning electron microscopy. Based on morphological characteristics, the nematodes were identified as G. urosubulatus, and new morphological data were added by light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy for the diagnosis of this parasite.

Resumo As helmintíases ocorrem frequentemente em porcos selvagens ou domésticos nos mais variados ambientes ou sistemas de produção, porém a literatura contempla poucos estudos taxonômicos. Assim, com a finalidade de ampliar esses conhecimentos sobre a diversidade parasitária nesses animais, o presente estudo relata a ocorrência e redescreve Globocephalus urosubulatus infectando porcos domésticos no estado do Pará, Brasil, utilizando-se microscopia. Foram recolhidos 410 exemplares de nematoides do intestino de Sus scrofa, criados extensivamente no município de Moju, mesorregião nordeste do Pará e observados em microscopia de luz e eletrônica de varredura. Com base em características morfológicas, os nematoides foram identificados como G. urosubulatus, sendo adicionados novos dados morfológicos por microscopia de luz e microscopia eletrônica de varredura para o diagnóstico desse parasito.

Practices employed by veterinary practitioners for controlling canine gastrointestinal helminths and ectoparasites / Práticas realizadas por veterinários para controle de helmintos gastrintestinais e ectoparasitos de cães

Abstract The present study attempted to evaluate the practical experience and methods employed by Brazilian veterinary practitioners for control of parasites. Twenty-one questions were asked of 403 veterinary practitioners based in different climatic zones with reference to parasite epidemiology from the country. Administration of a combination of drugs at three-month intervals was the most common regime recommended for prophylaxis against gastrointestinal helminths, with a single treatment repeated after 15 days. Routine prophylaxis against dog ectoparasites was recommended by 82.4% veterinary practitioners, and 46.6% changed the drug compound used. Monthly prophylaxic treatments for ectoparasites, using systemic, topical and/or collar-impregnated drugs, was recommended by 21.5% veterinary practitioners. Side-effects of ectoparasiticide-impregnated collars were suspected by 58% of the veterinary practitioners. Isoxazolines were the most frequently used chemical group to treat ectoparasites in dogs. Poor efficacy of fipronil in controlling ticks was suspected by 79.5% of the veterinary practitioners. The isoxazolines and combination of anthelmintic compounds are the most common drugs to prevent or treat ectoparasites and gastrointestinal nematodes, respectively. The suspect of the inefficacy of antiparasitic drugs is shared among the veterinary practitioners from part of Brazil. Guidelines are needed, specifically for the control of gastrointestinal helminths and ectoparasites in Brazilian dogs.

Resumo O presente estudo avaliou os métodos de controle empregados por médicos veterinários clínicos para o controle de parasitos de cães no Brasil. Vinte e uma perguntas foram feitas a 403 veterinários de diferentes regiões do país. O uso de associações de compostos ativos em intervalos de três meses foi o mais recomendado para profilaxia de helmintos gastrointestinais, repetido após 15 dias. A profilaxia de rotina contra ectoparasitos foi recomendada por 82,4% dos veterinários, e 46,6% mudam rotineiramente o composto indicado. Tratamentos profiláticos mensais para ectoparasitos, com produtos sistêmicos, tópicos e / ou impregnados com colar, foram recomendados por 21,5% dos veterinários. Os efeitos colaterais das coleiras impregnadas com ectoparasiticidas foram relatados por 58% dos médicos veterinários. As isoxazolinas foram o grupo químico mais utilizado para tratar ectoparasitos em cães. A baixa eficácia do fipronil no controle de carrapatos foi suspeitada por 79,5% dos médicos veterinários. As isoxazolinas e a associação de compostos anti-helmínticos são os medicamentos mais comuns para prevenir ou tratar ectoparasitos e nematoides gastrointestinais, respectivamente. A suspeita da ineficácia dos antiparasitários é compartilhada entre os médicos veterinários de algumas regiões do Brasil. Orientações são necessárias, especificamente para o controle de helmintos e ectoparasitos gastrointestinais em cães no Brasil.

Biological control of Meloidogyne javanica in bean plants by Hohenbuehelia spp. and Trichoderma koningiopsis

Nematode control strategies are limited and alternative control is demanded. The main aim was to evaluate control potential of Hohenbuehelia spp. (Hohenbuehelia mastrucata, Hohenbuehelia barbatula, Hohenbuehelia bullulifera, Hohenbuehelia portegna, Hohenbuehelia petaloides and Hohenbuehelia paraguayensis) and Trichoderma koningiopsis against Meloidogyne javanica in bean plants in greenhouse. The parameters evaluated were the number of galls and egg masses which were evaluated in three root regions: basal, intermediate and tip; nematode reproduction factor; vegetal growth parameters (plants height on V1, V2, V4, and R5 growth stages, root length, dry weight of root and aerial part dry weight); Treatments were composed by individual interactions of each fungal isolate with 4,000 eggs of M. javanica, having a total control (bean) and a partial control (bean + nematode) arranged in completely randomized design with four repetitions. Data were tested by Scott­Knott (5%). For vegetal growth parameters, there was only significance for dry weight of roots. All species were able to control nematodes.

Phytonematodes infesting common bean fields in Brazil, and pathogenicity tests with Pratylenchus brachyurus

Phytonematodes are among the main pathogens of the common bean. In general, control practices that aim to control these pathogens have not been regularly adopted in Brazil. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the occurrence of phytonematodes in dry bean fields in Paraná and São Paulo states and estimate the pathogenicity of Pratylenchus brachyurus to dry bean in glasshouse experiments. Root and soil were sampled for nematode extraction, identification and estimation of population density. Four glasshouse experiments with different initial population densities were carried out to evaluate the effect of P. brachyurus on the growth of dry bean plants. Six species of phytonematodes were detected, namely Helicotylenchus dihystera, P. brachyurus, Pratylenchus crenatus, Meloidogyne javanica, Meloidogyne incognita and Rotylenchulus sp. The spiral nematode H. dihystera was found in all samples and was the most abundant species in both states. The lesion nematode P. brachyurus was also frequent, reaching 94% in Paraná and 100% in São Paulo. The root-knot nematodes and Rotylenchulus sp. were reported only in São Paulo fields (45% and 18% frequency, respectively), and P. crenatus only in Paraná (12%). The most abundant nematode in the soil was H. dihystera, and in roots was P. crenatus. It was demonstrated that densities of 6.66 specimens of P. brachyurus per cm3 of soil provoke visible and measurable root decay. In conclusion, survey data showed low phytonematode densities and pathogenicity tests demonstrated that densities above 6.67 specimens of P. brachyurus per cm3 of soil cause damage to the dry bean roots.

Infective larvae of Haemonchus contortus found from the base to the top of the grass sward / Larvas infectantes de Haemonchus contortus são encontradas da base até o topo da forragem

Abstract The resistance of gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) of sheep to anthelmintic treatment has motivated researchers to seek alternatives to reduce the use of these drugs in sheep farming and decontaminate pastureland based on knowledge about the survival dynamics of larvae. The aim of this work was to evaluate the migration of the infective larvae (L3) of Haemonchus contortus at different times of the day, strata, and sward heights, with and without shade after the deposition of contaminated sheep feces. The grass species used here was Cynodon dactylon cv. Tifton 85 in four treatments: low sward height shade; low sward height sunshine; high sward height shade; and high sward height sunshine. The number of L3 recovered from the pasture at different times of the day did not differ. The highest number of L3 recovered was in shade. The number of L3 at different times and strata occurred uniformly, confirming that L3 remain in the same place after migrating from dung at the hottest times of the day. Infective larvae of H. contortus were able to migrate across all the strata regardless of the time of day in the summer season in humid subtropical climate.

Resumo A resistência dos nematódeos gastrintestinais (NGI) de ovinos aos tratamentos com anti-helmíntico tem estimulado os pesquisadores a buscar alternativas para reduzir o uso desses medicamentos na ovinocultura e descontaminar pastagens com base no conhecimento sobre a dinâmica de sobrevivência das larvas. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a migração das larvas infectantes (L3) de Haemonchus contortus em diferentes horários do dia, estratos, e alturas do pasto, com e sem sombra, após a deposição de fezes de ovinos contaminadas. A espécie forrageira utilizada foi Cynodon dactylon cv. Tifton 85 em quatros tratamentos: pasto baixo sombra; pasto baixo sol; pasto alto sombra; e pasto alto sol. Não houve diferença na recuperação de L3 no pasto nos diferentes horários. As maiores recuperações foram encontradas na sombra. O número de larvas recuperadas nos diferentes horários e estratos ocorreu de forma uniforme, confirmando que as L3 podem permanecer no mesmo local, após migrar do bolo fecal, nos horários mais quentes do dia. Larvas infectantes de H. contortus foram capazes de migrar por todos os estratos, independentemente da hora do dia no verão em clima subtropical úmido.

Occurrence of Meloidogyne enterolobii in common bean in southern Goiás State, Brazil / Ocorrência de Meloidogyne enterolobii em feijoeiro no Sul Goiano

ABSTRACT: Meloidogyne enterolobii is known as the most aggressive root-knot nematode (RKN) in Brazil. Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) cultivated in the experimental field in Morrinhos, Southern Goiás State, exhibited symptoms typical to those caused by RKN. In order to clarify the etiology of the disease, root systems were analyzed. Typical galls of varying thickness were observed, with thickening larger than 3 cm in diameter containing RKN females inside roots and egg masses on the root surface. The identification of the nematode species was confirmed by isoenzyme electrophoresis (esterase and malate dehydrogenase phenotypes). This is the first report of M. enterolobii in Goiás and in Brazil parasitizing common bean under field conditions. This result is an alert to producers and to the State phytosanitary defense authorities, in order to prevent the further dissemination of this pest, especially in fields of common bean and industrial tomato in the State.

RESUMO: Meloidogyne enterolobii é considerada uma das espécies de nematoide de galhas mais agressivas presentes no Brasil. Feijoeiro (Phaseolus vulgaris) cultivado em um campo experimental em Morrinhos, na região sul do estado de Goiás, apresentou sintomas característicos de nematoide de galhas radiculares. Para esclarecer a etiologia da doença, os sistemas radiculares foram analisados. Foram observadas galhas típicas da infecção por Meloidogyne spp., com espessuras maiores que 3 cm de diâmetro, contendo em seu interior fêmeas e massas de ovos na superfície radicular. A identificação foi realizada por meio da eletroforese de isoenzimas (fenótipos esterase e malato desidrogenase). Este é o primeiro relato da diagnose em condições natural de campo de M. enterolobii em Goiás e no Brasil parasitando feijoeiro. Esta ocorrência deve servir de alerta aos produtores e às autoridades de defesa fitossanitária do Estado, a fim de impedir a disseminação desse patógeno, principalmente nos campos da produção de feijoeiro e tomate industrial em Goiás.

Haematological variables of Santa Ines and Ile de France suckling lambs: Influence of Haemonchus contortus infection / Variáveis hematológicas de cordeiros lactentes Santa Inês e Ile de France: influência da infecção por Haemonchus contortus

Haemonchus contortus is the major gastrointestinal parasite of sheep raised in tropical and subtropical areas worldwide. This trial aimed to evaluate the influence of H. contortus infection on the bone marrow response of Santa Ines (SI) and Ile de France (IF) suckling lambs experimentally infected with H. contortus. Fourteen SI lambs and 12 IF lambs were randomized in four groups: infected SI (n=8), non-infected SI (n=6), infected IF (n=8) and non-infected IF (n=4). Lambs of infected groups were submitted to 27 infections, conducted every two days, from 14 to 68 days of age, and each lamb received a total of 5400 H. contortus infective larvae (L3). Ten blood samples were obtained during the experimental period to be used for erythrocyte and leukocyte counts, packed cell volume and total plasma protein estimation. Additionally, it was carried out a differential leukocyte count. Lambs from control groups did not shed eggs in faeces all over the experiment, while infected Santa Ines and Ile de France lambs presented means of 2963 EPG (Eggs Per Gram of faeces) and 8175 EPG in the last sampling (P<0.05), respectively. Infected Santa Ines lambs had an increase in eosinophil release, however differences (P<0.05) on circulation number in comparison with infected Ile de France lambs were identified only in the last sampling (54 days post first infection). The mild H. cortortus infection did not produce significant changes in the blood variables of the Ile de France and Santa Ines suckling lambs.(AU)

Haemonchus contortus é o principal parasita gastrintestinal de ovinos criados em áreas tropicais e subtropicais. Este estudo objetivou avaliar a influência da infecção por H. contortus na resposta medular de cordeiros lactentes das raças Santa Inês (SI) e Ile de France (IF) infectados experimentalmente com H. contortus. Quatorze cordeiros SI e 12 cordeiros IF, foram distribuídos em quatro grupos: SI infectado (n=8), SI não infectado (n=6), IF infectado (n=8) e IF não infectado (n=4). Cordeiros dos grupos infectados foram submetidos a 27 infecções, realizadas a cada dois dias, do 14º até 68º dia de vida, com um total de 5400 larvas infectantes (L3) de H. contortus por animal. Foram realizadas 10 coletas de sangue ao longo do período experimental para determinação do volume globular, proteínas plasmáticas totais, contagem de eritrócitos e leucócitos, além do diferencial de leucócitos. Cordeiros controles não infectados não eliminaram ovos nas fezes durante todo o experimento, enquanto que os cordeiros Santa Ines e Ile de France infectados apresentaram em média 2963 ovos por grama de fezes (OPG) e 8175 OPG na última coleta (P<0,05), respectivamente. Cordeiros Santa Inês infectados tiveram um aumento na produção de eosinófilos, mas diferenças (P<0.05) no número de eosinófilos sanguíneos em comparação a cordeiros Ile de France infectados foram detectadas somente na última coleta (54 dias após a primeira infecção). A infecção leve por H. cortortus não induziu alterações significativas nas variáveis sanguíneas de cordeiros lactentes Ile de France e Santa Inês.(AU)

Diarreia em bezerros no sul do Rio Grande do Sul em um período de 34 anos / Diarrhea in calves in Southern Rio Grande do Sul in a period of 34 years

O objetivo deste trabalho foi descrever os dados de um estudo retrospectivo nos registros de 34 anos atividade de um laboratório de diagnóstico sobre as causas de diarreia em bezerros na região sul do Rio Grande do Sul. Foram revisados os protocolos de necropsia e materiais desta espécie encaminhados ao Laboratório Regional de Diagnóstico da Faculdade de Veterinária da Universidade Federal de Pelotas. Foram diagnosticados 94 casos de bezerros com diarreia, destes, 44,7% foram de causas parasitárias e 34,0% de causas bacterianas. Diarreia de causa parasitária foi a mais importante na região sul do Rio Grande do Sul e afetou bezerros de três a 12 meses de idade. A ocorrência de diarreia em animais mesmo lactentes pode estar associada a fatores ambientais e a forma de manejo no qual esses animais são mantidos. As enfermidades bacterianas foram, também, importantes causas de diarreia em bezerros de até três meses de idade na região.

The objective of this work was to describe the data from a retrospective study in the records of 34 years of activity in a diagnostic laboratory on the diarrhea causes of in calves in the southern region of Rio Grande do Sul. All necropsy protocols and materials received in the Regional Diagnostic Laboratory of the Veterinary School of the Federal University of Pelotas were reviewed. Ninety-four cases of calves with diarrhea were diagnosed, of these, 44.7% were caused by parasitic infections and 34.0% by bacterial infections. Parasites as cause of diarrhea was the most important diagnostic in southern Rio Grande do Sul and affected calves from three to 12 months of age. The occurrence of diarrhea in animals even infants may be associated with environmental factors and the form of management that these animals are kept. Bacterial diseases are also important causes of diarrhea in calves up to three months of age in the region.